夏商·王朝之始Xia–Shang · Dynastic beginnings
上古文明·古希腊罗马Ancient civilizations · Greece & Rome
约前2070年c. 2070 BCE夏朝建立Xia founded
夏朝 （约前2070—前1600）
大禹治水，禹传启"家天下"；夏桀暴政亡国
中国王朝之始，世袭制取代禅让制。
Xia dynasty (c. 2070–1600 BCE)
Yu the Great controls the floods; his son Qi succeeds him, establishing hereditary rule; the tyranny of Jie brings down the dynasty.
The beginning of dynastic rule in China: hereditary succession replaces abdication in favor of a chosen successor.
爱琴文明·克里特迈锡尼 （约前2000—前1200）
米诺斯王宫、特洛伊战争传说时代；两河流域汉谟拉比法典(约前1776)、古埃及新王国。Aegean civilization: Crete and Mycenae (c. 2000–1200 BCE)
The age of Minoan palaces and the legends of the Trojan War; the Code of Hammurabi in Mesopotamia (c. 1776 BCE) and the New Kingdom of ancient Egypt.
前1600年1600 BCE商朝Shang
商朝 （约前1600—前1046）
商汤灭夏；盘庚迁殷；纣王亡国
甲骨文成熟、青铜器（后母戊鼎）辉煌。
Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE)
Tang overthrows the Xia; Pan Geng moves the capital to Yin; the dynasty ends under King Zhou.
A mature oracle-bone script and outstanding bronze casting, exemplified by the Houmuwu ding.
古希腊黑暗时代→城邦兴起 （前1100—前800）
荷马史诗口传；腓尼基字母传播。Greek Dark Ages and the rise of city-states (1100–800 BCE)
Homeric epics circulate orally; the Phoenician alphabet spreads.
周朝·分封与礼乐Zhou · Lords & ritual
前1046年1046 BCE西周建立Western Zhou founded
西周 （前1046—前771）
周武王伐纣（牧野之战）；分封制、宗法制；周幽王烽火戏诸侯
分封诸侯、礼乐制度奠定周代格局。
Western Zhou (1046–771 BCE)
King Wu defeats the Shang at Muye; enfeoffment and a lineage-based order take shape; the story of King You and the false beacon alarms.
Regional lords, ritual and music establish the framework of Zhou rule.
古希腊城邦·荷马时代 （约前1100—前800）
荷马史诗口传成文；腓尼基字母传播。Greek city-states and the Homeric age (c. 1100–800 BCE)
The Homeric epics pass from oral tradition into writing; the Phoenician alphabet spreads.
前770年770 BCE东周始Eastern Zhou begins
东周 （前770—前256）
周平王东迁洛邑；王室衰微、诸侯争霸（春秋五霸、战国七雄）；铁器牛耕推广
与春秋战国多政权并存，礼崩乐坏，周天子共主地位名存实亡。
Eastern Zhou (770–256 BCE)
King Ping moves east to Luoyi; royal power declines as regional states compete, including the Five Hegemons and Seven Warring States; iron tools and ox-drawn plows spread.
Multiple states coexist during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods. The ritual order erodes, and the Zhou king's position as overlord becomes largely nominal.
古希腊古典时代 （前800—前336）
前776首届奥运会；雅典梭伦改革(前594)、伯里克利黄金时代；苏格拉底(前469-399)、柏拉图、亚里士多德；希波战争(前490马拉松战役)。Ancient Greece: the classical world (800–336 BCE)
The first Olympic Games (776 BCE); Solon's reforms in Athens (594 BCE) and the golden age of Pericles; Socrates (469–399 BCE), Plato and Aristotle; the Greco-Persian Wars, including Marathon (490 BCE).
春秋战国·百家争鸣 （春秋前770—前476；战国前475—前221）
老子（《道德经》）、孔子（前551-479，儒家）、墨子、孟子、庄子、韩非子
东周与春秋战国多政权并存，思想活跃、百家争鸣是中国思想史的黄金时代。
Spring and Autumn, Warring States and the Hundred Schools (770–476 BCE; 475–221 BCE)
Laozi and the Daodejing; Confucius (551–479 BCE) and Confucianism; Mozi, Mencius, Zhuangzi and Han Feizi.
The coexistence of competing states during the Eastern Zhou nurtures intellectual debate: a golden age of Chinese thought.
亚历山大东征 （前334—前323）
马其顿灭亡波斯，建立横跨欧亚非帝国，希腊化时代开始。Alexander's eastern campaigns (334–323 BCE)
Macedonia defeats Persia and creates an empire spanning Europe, Asia and Africa, ushering in the Hellenistic age.
秦汉·大一统Qin–Han · Unification
前221年221 BCE秦统一六国Qin unifies the six states
秦朝 （前221—前207）
秦始皇嬴政：称"皇帝"、统一文字货币度量衡、郡县制、修长城、焚书坑儒；秦二世胡亥亡国；陈胜吴广起义(前209)
中国第一个统一的中央集权封建国家。
Qin dynasty (221–207 BCE)
Qin Shi Huang, Ying Zheng, adopts the title of emperor, standardizes writing, currency, weights and measures, institutes commanderies and counties, builds the Great Wall, and orders the burning of books and burying of scholars. The dynasty falls under the Second Emperor, Hu Hai; Chen Sheng and Wu Guang rebel (209 BCE).
China's first unified, centralized imperial state.
罗马共和国扩张 （布匿战争前264—前146；斯巴达克起义前73—前71）
迦太基灭亡；凯撒(前100-44)独裁后被刺。Expansion of the Roman Republic (Punic Wars, 264–146 BCE; Spartacus's revolt, 73–71 BCE)
Carthage is destroyed; Julius Caesar (100–44 BCE) becomes dictator and is assassinated.
前202年202 BCE汉朝建立Han founded
西汉·东汉 （前202—公元220；王莽新朝9—23）
汉高祖刘邦建汉；文帝、景帝文景之治；汉武帝刘彻（前141-87在位）：罢黜百家独尊儒术、卫青霍去病击匈奴、张骞通西域开丝绸之路；光武帝刘秀中兴；东汉末黄巾起义(184)
蔡伦改进造纸术(105)；司马迁《史记》。
Western and Eastern Han (202 BCE–220 CE; Wang Mang's Xin dynasty, 9–23 CE)
Emperor Gaozu, Liu Bang, founds the Han; Emperors Wen and Jing preside over a period of good governance. Emperor Wu, Liu Che (r. 141–87 BCE), elevates Confucianism, sends Wei Qing and Huo Qubing against the Xiongnu, and dispatches Zhang Qian westward, opening the Silk Road. Emperor Guangwu, Liu Xiu, restores the Han. The Yellow Turban Rebellion breaks out in 184 CE.
Cai Lun improves papermaking (105 CE); Sima Qian writes the
Records of the Grand Historian.
罗马帝国 （前27—公元476西罗马亡）
屋大维(奥古斯都)前27年开创帝制；耶稣诞生(约前4)、基督教兴起；1-2世纪"罗马和平"。Roman Empire (27 BCE–476 CE, fall of the Western Empire)
Octavian (Augustus) establishes imperial rule in 27 BCE; Jesus is born (c. 4 BCE), and Christianity emerges; the Pax Romana flourishes in the first and second centuries CE.
⚡ 最早的"中外联动"：汉武帝派张骞出使西域（前138、前119两次），开辟丝绸之路，中国丝绸直抵罗马——东西方文明首次直接贸易交流。
⚡ Early links between China and the wider world: Emperor Wu sends Zhang Qian to the Western Regions twice (138 and 119 BCE), opening the Silk Road. Chinese silk reaches Rome, described here as the first direct trading exchange between Eastern and Western civilizations.
三国两晋南北朝Three Kingdoms · Jin · North & South
220年220 CE
三国两晋南北朝 （220—589）
魏蜀吴鼎立（曹操、刘备、孙权）；西晋司马炎短暂统一(280)；八王之乱、五胡内迁；东晋司马睿；北魏孝文帝改革(494迁都洛阳汉化)
民族大交融；王羲之《兰亭序》、祖冲之圆周率。
Three Kingdoms, Jin, and Northern and Southern dynasties (220–589 CE)
Wei, Shu and Wu compete, associated with Cao Cao, Liu Bei and Sun Quan. Sima Yan of the Western Jin briefly reunifies China (280); the War of the Eight Princes and migrations of the Five Peoples follow. Sima Rui founds the Eastern Jin; Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei reforms his state and moves the capital to Luoyang (494), promoting Sinicization.
Extensive ethnic and cultural integration; Wang Xizhi's
Orchid Pavilion Preface and Zu Chongzhi's calculation of pi.
罗马帝国分裂与西罗马灭亡 （395年分裂；476年西罗马亡，欧洲中世纪开始）
君士坦丁堡成为东罗马(拜占庭)都城。Division of Rome and the fall of the Western Empire (division in 395; Western Empire falls in 476, marking the start of the European Middle Ages)
Constantinople becomes the capital of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire.
隋唐盛世Sui–Tang · Flourishing empires
中世纪·基督教文明Middle Ages · Christendom
581年581 CE隋朝建立Sui founded
隋朝 （581—618）
隋文帝杨坚统一南北、开皇之治；隋炀帝杨广开凿大运河(605)、创立科举制、三征高句丽亡国
大运河贯通南北经济。
Sui dynasty (581–618)
Emperor Wen, Yang Jian, reunifies north and south and oversees the Kaihuang era of good governance. Emperor Yang, Yang Guang, builds the Grand Canal (605), establishes the imperial examination system, and launches three campaigns against Goguryeo before the dynasty falls.
The Grand Canal connects the economies of northern and southern China.
拜占庭查士丁尼时代 （527—565在位）
《查士丁尼法典》；圣索菲亚大教堂。Byzantium under Justinian (r. 527–565)
The Code of Justinian; Hagia Sophia.
618年618 CE唐朝建立Tang founded
唐朝 （618—907）
唐高祖李渊建唐；唐太宗李世民"贞观之治"(627-649)"天可汗"；中国唯一女皇武则天(690-705称帝)；唐玄宗李隆基前期"开元盛世"、后期安史之乱(755-763)转衰
李白杜甫诗歌、玄奘西行(629)、鉴真东渡(753)；长安为国际大都会。
Tang dynasty (618–907)
Emperor Gaozu, Li Yuan, founds the Tang. Emperor Taizong, Li Shimin, oversees the Zhenguan era (627–649) and is acclaimed as the “Heavenly Khagan.” Wu Zetian, China's only female emperor, reigns in 690–705. Emperor Xuanzong, Li Longji, presides over the Kaiyuan golden age, followed by decline after the An Lushan Rebellion (755–763).
Poetry by Li Bai and Du Fu; Xuanzang travels west (629), and Jianzhen travels to Japan (753); Chang'an becomes a cosmopolitan metropolis.
阿拉伯帝国崛起 （622穆罕默德迁麦地那；8世纪成为横跨欧亚非大帝国）
怛罗斯之战(751)唐军与阿拉伯军相遇，造纸术西传。Rise of the Arab Empire (Muhammad's migration to Medina, 622; an empire spanning Europe, Asia and Africa by the eighth century)
Tang and Arab forces meet at the Battle of Talas (751); papermaking spreads westward.
盛唐转衰 （755安史之乱；907朱温篡唐）
安禄山、史思明叛乱；藩镇割据、黄巢起义(875-884)。The high Tang gives way to decline (An Lushan Rebellion, 755; Zhu Wen usurps the Tang, 907)
An Lushan and Shi Siming rebel; regional military governors become autonomous; the Huang Chao Rebellion follows (875–884).
法兰克王国·查理曼帝国 （800年查理曼加冕"罗马人的皇帝"）
843《凡尔登条约》三分帝国，法德意雏形。Franks and the Carolingian Empire (Charlemagne crowned “Emperor of the Romans,” 800)
The Treaty of Verdun (843) divides the empire into three, foreshadowing France, Germany and Italy.
宋元·经济文化高峰Song–Yuan · Economy & culture
960年960 CE北宋建立Northern Song founded
宋朝（北宋·南宋） （960—1279）
宋太祖赵匡胤陈桥兵变(960)、杯酒释兵权、重文轻武；宋真宗澶渊之盟(1005)；宋高宗赵构南渡建南宋(1127)；南宋末文天祥抗元
活字印刷(毕昇)、指南针用于航海、交子(世界最早纸币)；《清明上河图》。
Song dynasty: Northern and Southern Song (960–1279)
Emperor Taizu, Zhao Kuangyin, takes power in the Chenqiao coup (960), persuades generals to relinquish their commands over wine, and favors civil over military authority. Emperor Zhenzong concludes the Chanyuan Treaty (1005). Emperor Gaozong, Zhao Gou, moves south and establishes the Southern Song (1127); Wen Tianxiang resists the Yuan near the dynasty's end.
Bi Sheng's movable-type printing; the compass in navigation; jiaozi, the world's earliest paper money;
Along the River During the Qingming Festival.
中世纪欧洲·诺曼征服·十字军东征 （1066诺曼底威廉征服英格兰；1096—1291十字军东征；1215英国《大宪章》）
大学兴起(博洛尼亚1088)；黑死病(1347-1351)夺走欧洲三分之一人口。Medieval Europe: Norman Conquest and Crusades (William of Normandy conquers England, 1066; Crusades, 1096–1291; Magna Carta, 1215)
Universities emerge, including Bologna (1088); the Black Death (1347–1351) kills a third of Europe's population.
1271年1271元朝建立Yuan founded
元朝 （1271—1368）
元世祖忽必烈定都大都(北京)、行省制度；元末红巾军起义
马可·波罗来华(1275)；黄道婆改进棉纺；西藏正式纳入中央管辖。
Yuan dynasty (1271–1368)
Emperor Shizu, Kublai Khan, establishes his capital at Dadu (Beijing) and a provincial administration; the Red Turban Rebellion erupts near the dynasty's end.
Marco Polo arrives in China (1275); Huang Daopo improves cotton spinning and weaving; Tibet is formally brought under central administration.
中世纪盛期·马可·波罗东游 （1271—1295波罗抵达元朝，1298口述《马可·波罗游记》）
激发欧洲对东方的向往，间接推动新航路开辟。High Middle Ages and Marco Polo's journey east (Polo's journey to Yuan China, 1271–1295; his travels dictated in 1298)
His account fuels European interest in the East and indirectly encourages the search for new sea routes.
明清·专制与闭关Ming–Qing · Autocracy & isolation
文艺复兴·大航海·宗教改革Renaissance · Exploration · Reformation
1368年1368明朝建立Ming founded
明朝 （1368—1644）
明太祖朱元璋废丞相、设锦衣卫、八股取士；明成祖朱棣：迁都北京(1421)、郑和七下西洋(1405-1433)、修《永乐大典》；明神宗万历时张居正改革；崇祯帝时李自成攻入北京亡国
戚继光抗倭(1560s)；《本草纲目》《天工开物》。
Ming dynasty (1368–1644)
Emperor Taizu, Zhu Yuanzhang, abolishes the chancellorship, establishes the Embroidered Uniform Guard and adopts the eight-legged essay for examinations. Emperor Chengzu, Zhu Di, moves the capital to Beijing (1421), sponsors Zheng He's seven voyages (1405–1433) and compiles the Yongle Encyclopedia. Zhang Juzheng reforms government under the Wanli Emperor. Li Zicheng captures Beijing under the Chongzhen Emperor, ending the dynasty.
Qi Jiguang fights coastal raiders (1560s); the
Compendium of Materia Medica and
Exploitation of the Works of Nature.
文艺复兴·大航海·宗教改革 （1453拜占庭亡；1492哥伦布抵美洲；1517马丁·路德《九十五条论纲》；1519-1522麦哲伦环球）
达伽马1498抵印度；但丁、达芬奇、米开朗琪罗、莎士比亚。Renaissance, oceanic exploration and Reformation (fall of Byzantium, 1453; Columbus reaches the Americas, 1492; Luther's Ninety-five Theses, 1517; Magellan expedition's circumnavigation, 1519–1522)
Vasco da Gama reaches India (1498); Dante, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Shakespeare.
资产阶级革命·两次工业革命Revolutions · Industrialization
1640年1640英国资产阶级革命English Revolution
清朝（前期） （1644清军入关—1840前）
顺治帝入关；康熙帝(1661-1722)：平三藩、收台湾(1683)、雅克萨之战《尼布楚条约》(1689)、三征噶尔丹；雍正帝(1722-1735)：设军机处、摊丁入亩；乾隆帝(1735-1796)：平定准噶尔、编《四库全书》
"康乾盛世"达封建顶峰，但闭关自大。
Early Qing dynasty (Qing forces enter through the pass, 1644; to before 1840)
The Shunzhi Emperor enters China proper. The Kangxi Emperor (1661–1722) suppresses the Three Feudatories, takes Taiwan (1683), fights at Albazin, concludes the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689), and campaigns three times against Galdan. The Yongzheng Emperor (1722–1735) establishes the Grand Council and merges the poll tax into the land tax. The Qianlong Emperor (1735–1796) defeats the Dzungars and compiles the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries.
The “High Qing” reaches the peak of the traditional imperial order, alongside isolation and complacency.
英国资产阶级革命·启蒙运动 （1640—1688革命；1689《权利法案》君主立宪；18世纪孟德斯鸠、卢梭、伏尔泰）
美国1776《独立宣言》；法国1789攻占巴士底狱。English Revolution and Enlightenment (revolution, 1640–1688; Bill of Rights and constitutional monarchy, 1689; Montesquieu, Rousseau and Voltaire in the eighteenth century)
The American Declaration of Independence (1776); the storming of the Bastille in France (1789).
18世纪中叶Mid-18th century第一次工业革命First Industrial Revolution
闭关锁国 （1757乾隆限广州一口通商；1793马戛尔尼使团遭拒）
乾隆致英王："天朝物产丰盈，无所不有"
与工业革命的世界潮流擦肩而过。
Restrictions on foreign contact (Qianlong limits foreign trade to Guangzhou, 1757; Macartney's requests are rejected, 1793)
Qianlong tells the British king that the Celestial Empire has abundant products and lacks nothing.
China misses the global momentum of the Industrial Revolution.
第一次工业革命 （1765哈格里夫斯珍妮机；1785瓦特改良蒸汽机投产；1825史蒂芬孙蒸汽机车）
人类进入"蒸汽时代"，英国成为"世界工厂"。First Industrial Revolution (Hargreaves's spinning jenny, 1765; Watt's improved steam engine enters production, 1785; Stephenson's steam railway, 1825)
The “Age of Steam” begins; Britain becomes the “workshop of the world.”
⚡ 中外联动的转折点：工业革命后的英国急需市场 → 对华走私鸦片 → 林则徐虎门销烟(1839.6) → 鸦片战争爆发。中国被强行拖入世界体系，开始沦为半殖民地半封建社会。
⚡ A turning point in Sino-foreign relations: industrializing Britain seeks markets → opium is smuggled into China → Lin Zexu destroys opium at Humen (June 1839) → the Opium War breaks out. China is forcibly drawn into the world system and begins to become a semi-colonial, semi-feudal society.
晚清·救亡图存Late Qing · National survival
1840年1840中国近代史开端Modern Chinese history begins
鸦片战争·《南京条约》 （1840—1842；割香港岛、赔款2100万银元、五口通商）
道光帝在位；林则徐虎门销烟；关天培殉国；魏源《海国图志》"师夷长技以制夷"(1842)
Opium War and Treaty of Nanjing (1840–1842; Hong Kong Island ceded, 21 million silver dollars in indemnities, five treaty ports opened)
The Daoguang Emperor reigns; Lin Zexu destroys opium at Humen; Guan Tianpei dies in battle; Wei Yuan's Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms advocates learning foreign technologies to counter foreign powers (1842).
英国完成工业革命 （19世纪40年代）
资本主义世界市场初步形成，列强全球扩张。Britain completes its Industrial Revolution (1840s)
A capitalist world market begins to take shape, and the great powers expand globally.
第二次鸦片战争·太平天国 （1856—1860英法联军火烧圆明园；1851—1864太平天国）
咸丰帝出逃热河；洪秀全金田起义；曾国藩、李鸿章湘淮军镇压；《天津条约》《北京条约》
Second Opium War and Taiping Rebellion (war, 1856–1860, including the Anglo-French burning of the Old Summer Palace; Taiping Rebellion, 1851–1864)
The Xianfeng Emperor flees to Rehe; Hong Xiuquan launches the Jintian Uprising; the Xiang and Huai armies of Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang suppress the Taiping; the Treaties of Tianjin and Beijing are signed.
资本主义制度扩展 （1861俄国废除农奴制；1861—1865美国南北战争，林肯《解放黑人奴隶宣言》；1868日本明治维新）
Expansion of capitalist institutions (Russia abolishes serfdom, 1861; American Civil War, 1861–1865, and Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation; Japan's Meiji Restoration, 1868)
洋务运动 （19世纪60—90年代）
奕䜣、曾国藩、李鸿章、左宗棠："自强""求富"；江南制造总局(1865)、轮船招商局(1872)、北洋水师(1888)
Self-Strengthening Movement (1860s–1890s)
Yixin, Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and Zuo Zongtang pursue “self-strengthening” and “prosperity”; the Jiangnan Arsenal (1865), China Merchants Steam Navigation Company (1872), and Beiyang Fleet (1888).
第二次工业革命 （1870前后；1879爱迪生电灯；1885卡尔·本茨汽车）
电力时代，美德后来居上。Second Industrial Revolution (from around 1870; Edison's electric light, 1879; Karl Benz's automobile, 1885)
The electrical age begins; the United States and Germany catch up and move ahead.
1894年1894
甲午战争·《马关条约》 （1894—1895；割台湾、赔款2亿两、允许列强在华设厂）
光绪帝在位；邓世昌黄海殉国；洋务运动破产
First Sino-Japanese War and Treaty of Shimonoseki (1894–1895; Taiwan ceded, 200 million taels in indemnities, foreign powers permitted to establish factories in China)
The Guangxu Emperor reigns; Deng Shichang dies at the Battle of the Yalu River; the Self-Strengthening Movement fails.
列强瓜分世界·美国"门户开放" （1897—1899；垄断组织形成，进入帝国主义阶段）
Imperial competition and the American “Open Door” (1897–1899; monopolies emerge and imperialism develops)
1898年1898
戊戌变法→八国联军→《辛丑条约》 （1898.6-9百日维新；1900八国联军；1901赔款4.5亿两）
康有为、梁启超、谭嗣同（"戊戌六君子"）；慈禧太后西逃
Hundred Days' Reform → Eight-Nation Alliance → Boxer Protocol (reforms, June–September 1898; allied intervention, 1900; indemnity of 450 million taels, 1901)
Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and Tan Sitong, one of the Six Gentlemen of 1898; Empress Dowager Cixi flees west.
民国·新民主主义革命Republic · New Democratic Revolution
两次大战·十月革命World wars · October Revolution
1911年1911
辛亥革命·中华民国成立 （1911.10.10武昌起义；1912.1.1孙中山就任临时大总统；1912.2宣统帝溥仪退位）
孙中山1905年创立同盟会，提出三民主义（民族、民权、民生）；《中华民国临时约法》(1912)；后袁世凯窃取革命果实
结束两千余年帝制。
Xinhai Revolution and the Republic of China (Wuchang Uprising, 10 October 1911; Sun Yat-sen becomes provisional president, 1 January 1912; Puyi abdicates, February 1912)
Sun Yat-sen establishes the Tongmenghui in 1905 and advances the Three Principles of the People: nationalism, democracy and people's livelihood. The Provisional Constitution is adopted (1912); Yuan Shikai subsequently appropriates the gains of the revolution.
More than two thousand years of imperial rule end.
第一次世界大战 （1914.7.28萨拉热窝事件后爆发—1918.11.11）
凡尔登"绞肉机"(1916)；列强放松对华侵略，民族工业"短暂春天"。First World War (28 July 1914, following the Sarajevo assassination, to 11 November 1918)
The “meat grinder” of Verdun (1916); the great powers ease their pressure on China, allowing a brief boom in Chinese industry.
⚡ 中外联动的转折点：巴黎和会中国外交失败(1919.5，山东权益转日本)→五四运动(1919.5.4)；俄国十月革命(1917.11.7)送来马克思列宁主义→李大钊传播(1918《庶民的胜利》)→1921.7.23中国共产党成立。
⚡ A turning point in Sino-foreign relations: China's diplomatic setback at the Paris Peace Conference (May 1919, with Shandong rights transferred to Japan) → the May Fourth Movement (4 May 1919). Russia's October Revolution (7 November 1917) brings Marxism-Leninism → Li Dazhao promotes it in 1918 in The Victory of the Common People → the Communist Party of China is founded (23 July 1921).
1919年1919
新文化运动·五四运动·中共成立 （1915陈独秀创《青年杂志》；1919五四；1921.7中共一大）
陈独秀、李大钊、胡适、鲁迅倡"民主""科学"；一大13位代表，毛泽东出席
New Culture Movement, May Fourth Movement and founding of the CPC (Chen Duxiu founds Youth Magazine, 1915; May Fourth, 1919; first CPC congress, July 1921)
Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Hu Shi and Lu Xun champion “democracy” and “science”; Mao Zedong attends the first congress among its 13 delegates.
十月革命·凡尔赛—华盛顿体系 （1917.11.7列宁领导；1921新经济政策；1919《凡尔赛和约》、1921-22华盛顿会议）
October Revolution and the Versailles–Washington order (Lenin leads the revolution, 7 November 1917; New Economic Policy, 1921; Treaty of Versailles, 1919; Washington Conference, 1921–1922)
1927年1927
南昌起义·井冈山道路·长征 （1927.8.1南昌起义；1927.10井冈山根据地；1934-1936长征；1935.1遵义会议）
周恩来、贺龙打响武装反抗第一枪；毛泽东开辟"农村包围城市"；遵义会议确立毛泽东领导地位
Nanchang Uprising, Jinggangshan and the Long March (1 August 1927; Jinggangshan base, October 1927; Long March, 1934–1936; Zunyi Conference, January 1935)
Zhou Enlai and He Long launch armed resistance; Mao Zedong develops the strategy of “encircling the cities from the countryside”; the Zunyi Conference establishes Mao's leadership.
经济大危机·罗斯福新政 （1929.10.24股灾；1933罗斯福推行新政；希特勒1933上台）
Great Depression and Roosevelt's New Deal (stock-market crash, 24 October 1929; New Deal, 1933; Hitler comes to power, 1933)
1937年1937
全民族抗战 （1931.9.18九一八；1936.12.12西安事变；1937.7.7卢沟桥；1945.8.15日本投降）
杨靖宇、赵一曼、张自忠；台儿庄大捷(1938)、百团大战(1940)；1945.4中共七大确立毛泽东思想
Nationwide War of Resistance against Japan (Mukden Incident, 18 September 1931; Xi'an Incident, 12 December 1936; Marco Polo Bridge Incident, 7 July 1937; Japan announces surrender, 15 August 1945)
Yang Jingyu, Zhao Yiman and Zhang Zizhong; victory at Taierzhuang (1938), the Hundred Regiments Offensive (1940); the seventh CPC congress adopts Mao Zedong Thought (April 1945).
第二次世界大战 （1939.9.1德国闪击波兰—1945.9.2）
斯大林格勒(1942-43)、诺曼底(1944.6.6)、雅尔塔会议(1945.2)；1945.10.24联合国成立。Second World War (German invasion of Poland, 1 September 1939, to 2 September 1945)
Stalingrad (1942–1943), Normandy landings (6 June 1944) and Yalta Conference (February 1945); the United Nations is founded on 24 October 1945.
共和国·现代化征程People’s Republic · Modernization
冷战·全球化·多极化Cold War · Globalization · Multipolarity
1949年1949新中国成立PRC founded
解放战争·中华人民共和国成立 （1946—1949三大战役、渡江战役；1949.10.1开国大典）
毛泽东在天安门宣告"中华人民共和国中央人民政府今天成立了"
Chinese Civil War and founding of the People's Republic of China (1946–1949, including the three major campaigns and the Yangtze crossing; founding ceremony, 1 October 1949)
At Tiananmen, Mao Zedong announces the founding of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China.
冷战开始 （1946铁幕演说；1947.3杜鲁门主义；1948马歇尔计划；1949.4北约成立）
Beginning of the Cold War (Iron Curtain speech, 1946; Truman Doctrine, March 1947; Marshall Plan, 1948; NATO founded, April 1949)
1950年代1950s
抗美援朝·一五计划·三大改造 （1950-1953；1953-1957；1956年底改造完成）
彭德怀挂帅赴朝；鞍钢、长春一汽、武汉长江大桥(1957)；1956中共八大
👤 毛泽东时代（1949—1976）
理念：毛泽东思想——人民民主专政、独立自主、自力更生；"三个世界"划分理论
Korean War intervention, First Five-Year Plan and socialist transformation (1950–1953; 1953–1957; transformation completed by late 1956)
Peng Dehuai commands Chinese forces in Korea; Anshan Iron and Steel, Changchun's First Automobile Works and the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge (1957); the eighth CPC congress (1956).
👤 The Mao Zedong era (1949–1976)
Ideas: Mao Zedong Thought, the people's democratic dictatorship, independence and self-reliance; the “Three Worlds” theory.
华约成立·朝鲜战争 （1955.5华约成立，两极格局定型；1950-1953朝鲜战争；1957《罗马条约》欧共体）
Warsaw Pact and Korean War (Warsaw Pact founded, May 1955, consolidating a bipolar order; Korean War, 1950–1953; Treaty of Rome and European integration, 1957)
1960年代1960s
两弹一星·曲折探索 （1964.10.16原子弹；1967氢弹；1970.4.24东方红一号）
钱学森、邓稼先、钱三强；大庆油田；雷锋、焦裕禄、王进喜精神
Two Bombs, One Satellite and a difficult path of development (atomic bomb, 16 October 1964; hydrogen bomb, 1967; Dong Fang Hong 1 satellite, 24 April 1970)
Qian Xuesen, Deng Jiaxian and Qian Sanqiang; the Daqing oilfield; the public-service ideals associated with Lei Feng, Jiao Yulu and Wang Jinxi.
古巴导弹危机·越南战争·登月 （1962.10；1964-1973越战；1963马丁·路德·金《我有一个梦想》；1969.7.20阿波罗11号登月）
Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam War and Moon landing (October 1962; Vietnam War, 1964–1973; Martin Luther King Jr.'s “I Have a Dream” speech, 1963; Apollo 11 Moon landing, 20 July 1969)
⚡ 中外联动的转折点：1971.10.25中国恢复联合国合法席位（"乔的笑"）；1972.2尼克松访华签《上海公报》；1972.9中日建交；1979.1.1中美正式建交——中国重返世界舞台。
⚡ A turning point in Sino-foreign relations: China regains its lawful seat at the United Nations (25 October 1971), remembered in Qiao Guanhua's beaming smile; Nixon visits China and the Shanghai Communiqué is signed (February 1972); China and Japan establish diplomatic relations (September 1972); China and the United States formally establish diplomatic relations (1 January 1979). China returns to the world stage.
1970年代1970s
重返联合国·中美破冰 （1971.10.25第26届联大；1972.2尼克松访华；1976粉碎"四人帮"）
乒乓外交(1971)"小球转动大球"
👤 华国锋（1976—1981，主席）过渡时期
UN representation and rapprochement with the United States (26th UN General Assembly, 25 October 1971; Nixon's visit, February 1972; arrest of the Gang of Four, 1976)
Ping-pong diplomacy (1971): “the small ball moves the big ball.”
👤 Hua Guofeng's transitional leadership (chairman, 1976–1981)
石油危机·战略调整 （1973石油危机；1979.12苏联入侵阿富汗）
Oil crisis and strategic realignment (oil crisis, 1973; Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, December 1979)
1978年1978改革开放Reform and opening up
十一届三中全会·改革开放 （1978.12.18-22；1980设深圳等4个经济特区；1992南方谈话；1992中共十四大确立市场经济体制目标）
👤 邓小平（第二代领导核心，主导改革开放1978-1992）
理念：邓小平理论——"解放思想、实事求是"；"发展才是硬道理"；"一国两制"；社会主义初级阶段论
小岗村家庭联产承包(1978)。
Third Plenum, reform and opening up (18–22 December 1978; four special economic zones, including Shenzhen, 1980; Southern Tour, 1992; fourteenth CPC congress sets a socialist market-economy goal, 1992)
👤 Deng Xiaoping, core of the second leadership generation, leads reform and opening up (1978–1992).
Ideas: Deng Xiaoping Theory; “emancipate the mind and seek truth from facts”; “development is the overriding principle”; “one country, two systems”; the primary stage of socialism.
Household responsibility contracts in Xiaogang village (1978).
信息技术革命·冷战尾声 （1981IBM个人电脑；1989.11柏林墙倒塌）
Information technology revolution and the closing Cold War (IBM personal computer, 1981; fall of the Berlin Wall, November 1989)
1990年代1990s
香港澳门回归·加入WTO （1997.7.1香港回归；1999.12.20澳门回归；2001.12.11入世）
👤 江泽民（国家主席1993—2003）
理念："三个代表"重要思想——代表先进生产力、先进文化、最广大人民根本利益；1997中共十五大确立邓小平理论为指导思想
Hong Kong and Macao return to Chinese sovereignty; WTO accession (Hong Kong, 1 July 1997; Macao, 20 December 1999; WTO entry, 11 December 2001)
👤 Jiang Zemin, president (1993–2003).
Ideas: the Three Represents, representing advanced productive forces, advanced culture and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority; the fifteenth CPC congress adopts Deng Xiaoping Theory as a guiding ideology (1997).
苏联解体·冷战结束·欧盟 （1991.12.25苏联解体；1993欧盟成立；1995WTO成立；1999欧元启动）
Soviet collapse, end of the Cold War and European Union (Soviet collapse, 25 December 1991; EU established, 1993; WTO established, 1995; euro launched, 1999)
21世纪初Early 21st century
科学发展的十年 （2003杨利伟神舟五号；2008北京奥运；2010上海世博、GDP世界第二）
👤 胡锦涛（国家主席2003—2013）
理念：科学发展观——以人为本、全面协调可持续；构建社会主义和谐社会
A decade of scientific development (Yang Liwei aboard Shenzhou 5, 2003; Beijing Olympics, 2008; Shanghai Expo and the world's second-largest GDP, 2010)
👤 Hu Jintao, president (2003–2013).
Ideas: the Scientific Outlook on Development, a people-centered, comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable approach; building a harmonious socialist society.
911·金融危机·移动互联网 （2001.9.11；2008.9全球金融危机；2007iPhone发布）
9/11, financial crisis and mobile internet (11 September 2001; global financial crisis, September 2008; iPhone launched, 2007)
2012年至今2012–present新时代New era
中国特色社会主义新时代 （2012.11中共十八大；2013"一带一路"倡议；2017中共十九大；2020全面建成小康社会；2021脱贫攻坚全面胜利；2022中共二十大）
👤 习近平（国家主席2013—至今）
理念：习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想——"中国梦"（中华民族伟大复兴）；"一带一路"倡议；人类命运共同体；"绿水青山就是金山银山"；共同富裕；中国式现代化
高铁、天宫空间站(2022建成)、C919、北斗组网(2020)。
A new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics (eighteenth CPC congress, November 2012; Belt and Road Initiative, 2013; nineteenth congress, 2017; moderately prosperous society, 2020; victory over extreme poverty, 2021; twentieth congress, 2022)
👤 Xi Jinping, president (2013–present).
Ideas: Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era; the “Chinese Dream” of national rejuvenation; the Belt and Road Initiative; a community with a shared future for humanity; “lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets”; common prosperity; Chinese modernization.
High-speed rail, the Tiangong space station (completed in 2022), the C919 aircraft and the BeiDou constellation (2020).
多极化与科技革命 （2016特朗普当选、英国脱欧公投；2020新冠疫情全球爆发；2022俄乌冲突；2022ChatGPT掀起AI革命）
世界百年未有之大变局加速演进。Multipolarity and technological transformation (Trump elected and Brexit referendum, 2016; COVID-19 pandemic spreads worldwide, 2020; Russia–Ukraine conflict, 2022; ChatGPT sparks an AI revolution, 2022)
Global changes described as unprecedented in a century accelerate.